OpenStax Biology 2e

Table of Contents

• • Preface

• 1. The Study of Life

• • Introduction
  • The Science of Biology
  • Themes and Concepts of Biology

• 2. The Chemical Foundation of Life

• • Introduction
  • Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
  • Water
  • Carbon

• 3. Biological Macromolecules

• • Introduction
  • Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids

• 4. Cell Structure

• • Introduction
  • Studying Cells
  • Prokaryotic Cells
  • Eukaryotic Cells
  • The Endomembrane System and Proteins
  • The Cytoskeleton
  • Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

• 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes

• • Introduction
  • Components and Structure
  • Passive Transport
  • Active Transport
  • Bulk Transport

• 6. Metabolism

• • Introduction
  • Energy and Metabolism
  • Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
  • The Laws of Thermodynamics
  • ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Enzymes

• 7. Cellular Respiration

• • Introduction
  • Energy in Living Systems
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Metabolism without Oxygen
  • Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
  • Regulation of Cellular Respiration

• 8. Photosynthesis

• • Introduction
  • Overview of Photosynthesis
  • The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  • Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

• 9. Cell Communication

• • Introduction
  • Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
  • Propagation of the Signal
  • Response to the Signal
  • Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms

• 10. Cell Reproduction

• • Introduction
  • Cell Division
  • The Cell Cycle
  • Control of the Cell Cycle
  • Cancer and the Cell Cycle
  • Prokaryotic Cell Division

• 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

• • Introduction
  • The Process of Meiosis
  • Sexual Reproduction

• 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity

• • Introduction
  • Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
  • Characteristics and Traits
  • Laws of Inheritance

• 13. Modern Understandings of Inheritance

• • Introduction
  • Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
  • Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

• 14. DNA Structure and Function

• • Introduction
  • Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
  • DNA Structure and Sequencing
  • Basics of DNA Replication
  • DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  • DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  • DNA Repair

• 15. Genes and Proteins

• • Introduction
  • The Genetic Code
  • Prokaryotic Transcription
  • Eukaryotic Transcription
  • RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
  • Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

• 16. Gene Expression

• • Introduction
  • Regulation of Gene Expression
  • Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
  • Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
  • Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
  • Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
  • Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
  • Cancer and Gene Regulation

• 17. Biotechnology and Genomics

• • Introduction
  • Biotechnology
  • Mapping Genomes
  • Whole-Genome Sequencing
  • Applying Genomics
  • Genomics and Proteomics

• 18. Evolution and the Origin of Species

• • Introduction
  • Understanding Evolution
  • Formation of New Species
  • Reconnection and Speciation Rates

• 19. The Evolution of Populations

• • Introduction
  • Population Evolution
  • Population Genetics
  • Adaptive Evolution

• 20. Phylogenies and the History of Life

• • Introduction
  • Organizing Life on Earth
  • Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  • Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

• 21. Viruses

• • Introduction
  • Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
  • Virus Infections and Hosts
  • Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
  • Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

• 22. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

• • Introduction
  • Prokaryotic Diversity
  • Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
  • Prokaryotic Metabolism
  • Bacterial Diseases in Humans
  • Beneficial Prokaryotes

• 23. Protists

• • Introduction
  • Eukaryotic Origins
  • Characteristics of Protists
  • Groups of Protists
  • Ecology of Protists

• 24. Fungi

• • Introduction
  • Characteristics of Fungi
  • Classifications of Fungi
  • Ecology of Fungi
  • Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
  • Importance of Fungi in Human Life

• 25. Seedless Plants

• • Introduction
  • Early Plant Life
  • Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
  • Bryophytes
  • Seedless Vascular Plants

• 26. Seed Plants

• • Introduction
  • Evolution of Seed Plants
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • The Role of Seed Plants

• 27. Introduction to Animal Diversity

• • Introduction
  • Features of the Animal Kingdom
  • Features Used to Classify Animals
  • Animal Phylogeny
  • The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom

• 28. Invertebrates

• • Introduction
  • Phylum Porifera
  • Phylum Cnidaria
  • Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
  • Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
  • Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
  • Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
  • Superphylum Deuterostomia

• 29. Vertebrates

• • Introduction
  • Chordates
  • Fishes
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
  • The Evolution of Primates

• 30. Plant Form and Physiology

• • Introduction
  • The Plant Body
  • Stems
  • Roots
  • Leaves
  • Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
  • Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

• 31. Soil and Plant Nutrition

• • Introduction
  • Nutritional Requirements of Plants
  • The Soil
  • Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

• 32. Plant Reproduction

• • Introduction
  • Reproductive Development and Structure
  • Pollination and Fertilization
  • Asexual Reproduction

• 33. The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function

• • Introduction
  • Animal Form and Function
  • Animal Primary Tissues
  • Homeostasis

• 34. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System

• • Introduction
  • Digestive Systems
  • Nutrition and Energy Production
  • Digestive System Processes
  • Digestive System Regulation

• 35. The Nervous System

• • Introduction
  • Neurons and Glial Cells
  • How Neurons Communicate
  • The Central Nervous System
  • The Peripheral Nervous System
  • Nervous System Disorders

• 36. Sensory Systems

• • Introduction
  • Sensory Processes
  • Somatosensation
  • Taste and Smell
  • Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
  • Vision

• 37. The Endocrine System

• • Introduction
  • Types of Hormones
  • How Hormones Work
  • Regulation of Body Processes
  • Regulation of Hormone Production
  • Endocrine Glands

• 38. The Musculoskeletal System

• • Introduction
  • Types of Skeletal Systems
  • Bone
  • Joints and Skeletal Movement
  • Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

• 39. The Respiratory System

• • Introduction
  • Systems of Gas Exchange
  • Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
  • Breathing
  • Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

• 40. The Circulatory System

• • Introduction
  • Overview of the Circulatory System
  • Components of the Blood
  • Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
  • Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

• 41. Osmotic Regulation and Excretion

• • Introduction
  • Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
  • The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
  • Excretion Systems
  • Nitrogenous Wastes
  • Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

• 42. The Immune System

• • Introduction
  • Innate Immune Response
  • Adaptive Immune Response
  • Antibodies
  • Disruptions in the Immune System

• 43. Animal Reproduction and Development

• • Introduction
  • Reproduction Methods
  • Fertilization
  • Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
  • Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
  • Human Pregnancy and Birth
  • Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
  • Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

• 44. Ecology and the Biosphere

• • Introduction
  • The Scope of Ecology
  • Biogeography
  • Terrestrial Biomes
  • Aquatic Biomes
  • Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

• 45. Population and Community Ecology

• • Introduction
  • Population Demography
  • Life Histories and Natural Selection
  • Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  • Population Dynamics and Regulation
  • Human Population Growth
  • Community Ecology
  • Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

• 46. Ecosystems

• • Introduction
  • Ecology of Ecosystems
  • Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  • Biogeochemical Cycles

• 47. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity

• • Introduction
  • The Biodiversity Crisis
  • The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
  • Threats to Biodiversity
  • Preserving Biodiversity
• • The Periodic Table of Elements
  • Geological Time
  • Measurements and the Metric System